ITI (Trade - COPA) Day-23

ITI COPA (Computer Operator & Programming Assistant) – Basic Notes

TOPIC- PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE – PYTHON

1. Introduction to Programming Languages

A programming language is a formal language used to give instructions to a computer so that it can perform specific tasks. Programming languages help humans communicate with computers.

Types of Programming Languages

Low-Level Languages
- Machine Language
- Assembly Language
High-Level Languages
- C, C++, Java, Python, JavaScript

Python is a high-level, interpreted, and general-purpose programming language.

2. Introduction to Python

2.1 What is Python?

Python is a popular, easy-to-learn, high-level programming language used for:

Software development
Web development
Data analysis
Artificial Intelligence
Automation
Machine learning

Python focuses on readability and simplicity, making it ideal for beginners.

2.2 History of Python

Python was created by Guido van Rossum
First released in 1991
Named after the TV show “Monty Python’s Flying Circus”
Developed at CWI (Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica), Netherlands

Major Python Versions

Python 1.x – Early version
Python 2.x – Improved version (now discontinued)
Python 3.x – Latest and widely used version

2.3 Why Python is Popular

Simple syntax
Easy to learn
Large standard library
Open source
Platform independent

3. Features of Python

Simple and Easy to Learn
Interpreted Language
High-Level Language
Object-Oriented
Portable
Open Source
Large Library Support
Dynamic Typing
Extensible
Supports Multiple Programming Paradigms

4. Setting up Python and PATH

4.1 Installing Python

Steps:

Download Python from official website
Run installer
Select “Add Python to PATH”
Install

4.2 Setting PATH

PATH allows the system to recognize Python commands from any directory.

Check installation:


python --version

5. Python Basic Syntax

5.1 Python Syntax Rules

Python uses indentation instead of braces
Code blocks are defined by indentation
Statements end without semicolons

Example:


if 10 > 5:
    print("10 is greater")

6. Comments in Python

Comments are used to explain code and are ignored by Python.

Types of Comments

Single-line Comment


# This is a comment

Multi-line Comment


"""
This is a
multi-line comment
"""

7. Variables in Python

A variable is a container used to store data.

Rules for Variable Naming

Must start with a letter or underscore
Cannot start with a number
Case-sensitive
No special symbols

Example:


x = 10
name = "Python"

8. Data Types in Python

Python has several built-in data types.

8.1 Numeric Data Types

int (integer)
float (decimal)
complex

Example:


a = 10
b = 3.5

8.2 Text Data Type

str (string)

Example:


name = "ITI COPA"

8.3 Boolean Data Type

bool (True or False)

Example:


is_pass = True

8.4 Sequence Data Types

list
tuple
range

8.5 Set Data Type

8.6 Mapping Data Type

dictionary

9. Type Casting in Python

Type casting means converting one data type into another.

Types of Casting

int()
float()
str()

Example:


x = int(5.7)
y = str(10)

10. Strings in Python

A string is a sequence of characters.

Creating Strings


s = "Python"

String Operations

Concatenation
Repetition
Indexing
Slicing

Example:


print(s[0])
print(s[0:3])

11. Boolean in Python

Boolean represents:

True
False

Used in conditions and comparisons.

Example:


a = 10
b = 5
print(a > b)

12. Python Operators

12.1 Arithmetic Operators

+, -, *, /, %, **, //

12.2 Comparison Operators

==, !=, >, <, >=, <=

12.3 Logical Operators

and, or, not

12.4 Assignment Operators

=, +=, -=

12.5 Membership Operators

in, not in

12.6 Identity Operators

is, is not

13. Conditional Statements

Used to make decisions.

13.1 if Statement


if a > b:
    print("A is greater")

13.2 if-else Statement


if a > b:
    print("A")
else:
    print("B")

13.3 if-elif-else Statement


if x == 1:
    print("One")
elif x == 2:
    print("Two")
else:
    print("Other")

14. Looping in Python

Loops are used to repeat code.

14.1 while Loop


i = 1
while i <= 5:
    print(i)
    i += 1

14.2 for Loop


for i in range(5):
    print(i)

15. Control Statements

break
continue
pass

16. String Manipulation

Common string methods:

upper()
lower()
replace()
split()
find()

17. Lists

A list is a collection of items.

Example:


mylist = [1, 2, 3, "Python"]

Operations:

append()
remove()
pop()
sort()

18. Tuple

A tuple is similar to list but immutable.

Example:


t = (1, 2, 3)

19. Sets

A set is an unordered collection of unique items.

Example:


s = {1, 2, 3}

20. Dictionaries

A dictionary stores data in key-value pairs.

Example:


student = {"name": "Ram", "age": 20}

21. Arrays

Arrays store elements of same data type.

Using array module:


import array
a = array.array('i', [1,2,3])

22. Iterators

An iterator is an object that can be iterated.

Example:


mytuple = (1,2,3)
for i in mytuple:
    print(i)

23. Modules in Python

A module is a file containing Python code.

Using a Module


import math
print(math.sqrt(16))

24. Date and Time

Using datetime module:


import datetime
print(datetime.datetime.now())

25. Math Module

Common functions:

sqrt()
pow()
ceil()
floor()

26. Input and Output

Input


name = input("Enter name: ")

Output


print(name)

MCQ QUESTIONS (50) – CBT EXAM

Python is a ______ level language.
A) Low
B) Medium
C) High
D) Machine
Ans: C
Python was developed by:
A) Dennis Ritchie
B) James Gosling
C) Guido van Rossum
D) Bjarne Stroustrup
Ans: C
Python was released in:
A) 1985
B) 1991
C) 2000
D) 2010
Ans: B
Python is:
A) Compiled
B) Interpreted
C) Assembled
D) Machine
Ans: B
Which symbol is used for comments?
A) //
B) #
C) /* */
D) 
Ans: B
Which is not a Python data type?
A) int
B) float
C) char
D) string
Ans: C
Python variables are:
A) Fixed type
B) Dynamic
C) Static
D) Constant
Ans: B
Which is correct Boolean value?
A) true
B) TRUE
C) False
D) false
Ans: C
Which operator is used for power?
A) ^
B) **
C) //
D) %
Ans: B
Which loop is entry-controlled?
A) do-while
B) for
C) repeat
D) switch
Ans: B
break statement is used to:
A) Skip iteration
B) Exit loop
C) Continue loop
D) Restart loop
Ans: B
continue statement is used to:
A) Exit loop
B) Skip iteration
C) Stop program
D) Break function
Ans: B
List is:
A) Immutable
B) Mutable
C) Fixed
D) Constant
Ans: B
Tuple is:
A) Mutable
B) Immutable
C) Dynamic
D) Editable
Ans: B
Set stores:
A) Duplicate values
B) Unique values
C) Ordered values
D) Indexed values
Ans: B
Dictionary stores data in:
A) List
B) Table
C) Key-value pair
D) Array
Ans: C
Which module is used for math operations?
A) calc
B) math
C) number
D) numeric
Ans: B
sqrt() function is in:
A) array
B) math
C) datetime
D) sys
Ans: B
Which function is used for input?
A) read()
B) scan()
C) input()
D) get()
Ans: C
Which function is used for output?
A) echo()
B) print()
C) show()
D) display()
Ans: B
range() is used in:
A) while
B) for
C) if
D) switch
Ans: B
Python uses indentation for:
A) Comments
B) Loop
C) Block of code
D) Variables
Ans: C
Which operator checks membership?
A) is
B) in
C) ==
D) not
Ans: B
Which is not a loop?
A) for
B) while
C) repeat
D) do
Ans: C
Arrays store elements of:
A) Different types
B) Same type
C) Any type
D) No type
Ans: B
Python is:
A) Closed source
B) Paid
C) Open source
D) Licensed
Ans: C
Which data type stores text?
A) int
B) float
C) str
D) bool
Ans: C
Which operator is logical AND?
A) &
B) and
C) &&
D) AND
Ans: B
Python supports:
A) OOP only
B) Procedural only
C) Multiple paradigms
D) None
Ans: C
Which module handles date and time?
A) time
B) calendar
C) datetime
D) clock
Ans: C
Python is used for:
A) Web
B) Data analysis
C) AI
D) All
Ans: D
Python file extension is:
A) .pt
B) .py
C) .pyt
D) .pn
Ans: B
Python variables are created when:
A) Declared
B) Assigned
C) Defined
D) Typed
Ans: B
Which keyword is used for conditions?
A) when
B) if
C) check
D) case
Ans: B
elif is used when:
A) Multiple conditions
B) Looping
C) Input
D) Output
Ans: A
pass statement does:
A) Stops program
B) Skips loop
C) Does nothing
D) Ends function
Ans: C
Which is mutable?
A) tuple
B) string
C) list
D) int
Ans: C
pop() is used in:
A) tuple
B) set
C) list
D) string
Ans: C
Dictionary keys must be:
A) Mutable
B) Immutable
C) List
D) Set
Ans: B
Iteration means:
A) Execution
B) Looping
C) Condition
D) Input
Ans: B
Module is:
A) Variable
B) File
C) Class
D) Loop
Ans: B
import keyword is used for:
A) Output
B) Module
C) Loop
D) Input
Ans: B
Which operator is floor division?
A) /
B) %
C) //
D) **
Ans: C
Python code is executed:
A) Line by line
B) Block by block
C) At once
D) Randomly
Ans: A
Which is correct list?
A) {1,2,3}
B) (1,2,3)
C) [1,2,3]
D) <1,2,3>
Ans: C
Which is a set?
A) [1,2]
B) (1,2)
C) {1,2}
D) <1,2>
Ans: C
Python supports automation because it is:
A) Fast
B) Simple
C) Powerful
D) All
Ans: D
Which function returns length?
A) size()
B) count()
C) len()
D) total()
Ans: C
Python is best for beginners because:
A) Complex syntax
B) Simple syntax
C) Slow
D) Old
Ans: B
Python is widely used in:
A) AI
B) ML
C) Data Science
D) All
Ans: D

ITI (Trade-COPA) Day- 22

ITI COPA (Computer Operator & Programming Assistant) – Basic Notes

TOPIC- INTRODUCTION TO CLOUD COMPUTING

1. Introduction to Cloud Computing

1.1 Meaning of Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing is a technology that allows users to store, access, manage, and process data and applications over the Internet instead of using a local computer or local server.

In simple words, cloud computing means using computer resources (like storage, software, servers, and databases) through the Internet.

Example:

Google Drive
Gmail
Microsoft OneDrive
Dropbox
Amazon Web Services (AWS)

1.2 Why Cloud Computing is Needed

Earlier, organizations had to:

Buy expensive servers
Maintain hardware
Install software manually
Hire IT staff for maintenance

Cloud computing removes these problems by providing on-demand services through the Internet.

1.3 Characteristics of Cloud Computing

On-Demand Self-Service
- Users can use services whenever needed.
Broad Network Access
- Accessible via Internet from anywhere.
Resource Pooling
- Resources are shared among users.
Rapid Elasticity
- Resources can be increased or decreased easily.
Measured Service
- Pay only for what you use.

2. Benefits of Cloud Services

Cloud computing provides many benefits to individuals, businesses, and organizations.

2.1 Cost Saving

No need to buy hardware or software
Reduced maintenance cost
Pay-as-you-use model

2.2 Scalability

Easy to increase or decrease resources
Suitable for growing businesses

2.3 Accessibility

Access data anytime, anywhere
Supports remote work

2.4 Backup and Recovery

Automatic data backup
Easy disaster recovery

2.5 Security

Advanced security measures
Data encryption and access control

2.6 Automatic Updates

Software updates handled by cloud provider
No manual installation required

2.7 Collaboration

Multiple users can work on same data
Real-time collaboration

3. Categories (Types) of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing can be categorized based on deployment models and service models.

3.1 Deployment Models of Cloud

1. Public Cloud

Services provided over the public Internet
Owned by third-party providers
Example: Google Cloud, AWS

Advantages:

Low cost
High scalability

Disadvantages:

Less control over data

2. Private Cloud

Cloud infrastructure dedicated to one organization
More secure and controlled

Advantages:

High security
Customization

Disadvantages:

High cost

3. Hybrid Cloud

Combination of public and private cloud
Data shared between them

Advantages:

Flexibility
Balanced cost and security

4. Community Cloud

Shared by multiple organizations
Common objectives

3.2 Service Models of Cloud

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Provides virtual machines, storage, and networking
User controls operating system and applications

Example: AWS EC2

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Provides platform for application development
No need to manage hardware

Example: Google App Engine

3. Software as a Service (SaaS)

Software delivered through Internet
No installation required

Example: Gmail, Google Docs

4. Resources Available in Cloud

Cloud provides various resources that users can access.

4.1 Storage Resources

Cloud storage for files and data
Example: Google Drive, OneDrive

4.2 Computing Resources

Virtual machines
Processing power (CPU, RAM)

4.3 Networking Resources

Virtual networks
Load balancers
Firewalls

4.4 Databases

Cloud-based databases
Example: Amazon RDS

4.5 Software and Applications

Email services
Office applications
ERP software

4.6 Development Tools

IDEs
Testing tools
Deployment tools

5. Introduction to Application Development Life Cycle

5.1 Meaning of ADLC

The Application Development Life Cycle (ADLC) is a step-by-step process used to develop software or applications in a systematic and organized manner.

It defines:

How applications are planned
How they are designed
How they are developed
How they are tested
How they are maintained

6. Phases of Application Development Life Cycle

The ADLC consists of six main phases.

6.1 Phase 1 – Requirement Analysis

Description

Understanding user requirements
Gathering information about application needs

Activities

User interviews
Requirement documentation
Feasibility study

Roles Involved

Business Analyst
Client
Project Manager

7. Phases of Application Development Life Cycle

The ADLC consists of six main phases.

7.1 Phase 1 – Requirement Analysis

Description

Understanding user requirements

Gathering information about application needs

Activities

User interviews

Requirement documentation

Feasibility study

Roles Involved

Business Analyst
Client
Project Manager

7.2 Phase 2 – System Design

Description

Planning the structure of the application

Activities

Designing user interface
Database design
System architecture

Roles Involved

System Designer
Architect
Senior Developers

7.3 Phase 3 – Development (Coding)

Description

Actual coding of application

Activities

Writing program code
Using programming languages
Version control

Roles Involved

Software Developers
Programmers

7.4 Phase 4 – Testing

Description

Checking application for errors and bugs

Activities

Unit testing
Integration testing
System testing

Roles Involved

Test Engineers
Quality Assurance (QA) Team

7.5 Phase 5 – Deployment

Description

Application is released for use

Activities

Installation
Configuration
User training

Roles Involved

Deployment Engineer
System Administrator

7.6 Phase 6 – Maintenance

Description

Ongoing support and updates

Activities

Bug fixing
Performance improvement
Feature updates

Roles Involved

Support Team
Maintenance Engineers

8. Importance of ADLC

Improves software quality
Reduces development cost
Ensures timely delivery
Provides clear structure
Reduces risk

9. Relation between Cloud Computing and ADLC

Cloud platforms support application development
Cloud provides testing and deployment tools
Reduces infrastructure cost

MCQ Questions (50) – CBT Exam Pattern

1. Cloud computing uses:

A) Local computer
B) Internet
C) Printer
D) Scanner
Ans: B

2. Cloud allows access to data:

A) Offline only
B) Anywhere
C) Only office
D) Only home
Ans: B

3. Google Drive is an example of:

A) Hardware
B) Cloud storage
C) Antivirus
D) OS
Ans: B

4. Pay-as-you-use means:

A) Fixed cost
B) Pay for usage
C) Free service
D) No payment
Ans: B

5. Which is NOT a cloud benefit?

A) Scalability
B) High cost hardware
C) Accessibility
D) Backup
Ans: B

6. Public cloud is owned by:

A) User
B) Government
C) Third-party provider
D) Private company only
Ans: C

7. Private cloud is best for:

A) Security
B) Low cost
C) Public use
D) Gaming
Ans: A

8. Hybrid cloud is a mix of:

A) LAN and WAN
B) Public and Private
C) Hardware and software
D) OS and apps
Ans: B

9. IaaS provides:

A) Software only
B) Platform only
C) Infrastructure
D) Database only
Ans: C

10. Gmail is an example of:

A) IaaS
B) PaaS
C) SaaS
D) DBaaS
Ans: C

11. Cloud storage stores:

A) Hardware
B) Data
C) Printer
D) Cable
Ans: B

12. Virtual machines are part of:

A) Storage
B) Computing resources
C) Software
D) Printer
Ans: B

13. Cloud networking includes:

A) Firewall
B) Load balancer
C) Virtual network
D) All of the above
Ans: D

14. ADLC stands for:

A) Application Data Life Cycle
B) Application Development Life Cycle
C) Advanced Development Logic Control
D) Automated Design Life Cycle
Ans: B

15. First phase of ADLC is:

A) Design
B) Testing
C) Requirement analysis
D) Coding
Ans: C

16. Requirement analysis involves:

A) Coding
B) Testing
C) Understanding user needs
D) Deployment
Ans: C

17. System design phase defines:

A) Bugs
B) Structure
C) Payment
D) Marketing
Ans: B

18. Coding is done in:

A) Design phase
B) Development phase
C) Testing phase
D) Maintenance phase
Ans: B

19. Testing phase checks:

A) Speed only
B) Errors
C) Cost
D) Hardware
Ans: B

20. Deployment means:

A) Writing code
B) Installing application
C) Designing UI
D) Testing
Ans: B

21. Maintenance phase includes:

A) Bug fixing
B) Updates
C) Support
D) All of the above
Ans: D

22. Developer role is mainly in:

A) Requirement phase
B) Development phase
C) Deployment phase
D) Audit phase
Ans: B

23. QA team works in:

A) Coding
B) Testing
C) Deployment
D) Maintenance
Ans: B

24. Cloud helps ADLC by:

A) Increasing cost
B) Providing tools
C) Removing testing
D) Delaying deployment
Ans: B

25. Cloud computing reduces:

A) Flexibility
B) Cost
C) Security
D) Speed
Ans: B

26. SaaS users do not need to:

A) Use internet
B) Install software
C) Login
D) Pay
Ans: B

27. Which cloud model offers highest control?

A) Public
B) Private
C) Hybrid
D) Community
Ans: B

28. Resource pooling means:

A) Separate resources
B) Shared resources
C) Fixed resources
D) Offline resources
Ans: B

29. Rapid elasticity means:

A) Slow scaling
B) Fixed size
C) Easy scaling
D) No scaling
Ans: C

30. Measured service refers to:

A) Free service
B) Pay per use
C) Unlimited use
D) No billing
Ans: B

31. Cloud backup helps in:

A) Data loss
B) Data recovery
C) Data theft
D) Data corruption
Ans: B

32. Collaboration in cloud means:

A) Single user work
B) Multiple users work together
C) Offline work
D) No sharing
Ans: B

33. Application life cycle ensures:

A) Random development
B) Structured development
C) No planning
D) No testing
Ans: B

34. Project manager is involved in:

A) Requirement phase
B) Design phase
C) All phases
D) Maintenance only
Ans: C

35. System administrator works mainly in:

A) Deployment
B) Coding
C) Testing
D) Analysis
Ans: A

36. Cloud computing supports:

A) Digital India
B) Manual records
C) Offline services
D) Typewriters
Ans: A

37. Community cloud is shared by:

A) One user
B) One company
C) Multiple organizations
D) Public
Ans: C

38. Database in cloud is an example of:

A) Hardware
B) Resource
C) Malware
D) Threat
Ans: B

39. ADLC reduces:

A) Software quality
B) Risk
C) Security
D) Control
Ans: B

40. Application updates are part of:

A) Testing
B) Maintenance
C) Deployment
D) Design
Ans: B

41. Cloud development tools help in:

A) Coding
B) Testing
C) Deployment
D) All of the above
Ans: D

42. Cloud users need:

A) Internet connection
B) Printer
C) Scanner
D) Cable
Ans: A

43. Cloud computing is useful for:

A) Students
B) Business
C) Government
D) All of the above
Ans: D

44. Application testing ensures:

A) Security
B) Correct working
C) Fast internet
D) Backup
Ans: B

45. ADLC improves:

A) Cost only
B) Quality only
C) Efficiency and quality
D) Delay
Ans: C

46. Cloud service provider example is:

A) Google
B) AWS
C) Microsoft Azure
D) All of the above
Ans: D

47. Virtualization is related to:

A) Cloud
B) Printer
C) Scanner
D) Keyboard
Ans: A

48. Cloud enables remote work because of:

A) Internet access
B) Hardware
C) Printer
D) UPS
Ans: A

49. ADLC phases are:

A) Optional
B) Fixed and systematic
C) Random
D) Ignored
Ans: B

50. Cloud computing is future technology because:

A) Cost saving
B) Scalability
C) Flexibility
D) All of the above
Ans: D