NETWORKING DAY 3 (IEEE 802 Standards)

DAY-3

IEEE 802 Standards

The IEEE 802 Standard comprises a family of networking standards that cover the physical layer specifications of technologies from Ethernet to wireless. IEEE 802 is subdivided into 22 parts that cover the physical and data-link aspects of networking. The better known specifications (bold in table below) include 802.3 Ethernet, 802.11 Wi-Fi, 802.15 Bluetooth/ZigBee, and 802.16.

All the 802.11 specifications use the Ethernet protocol and Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) for path sharing. The original modulation used in 802.11 was phase-shift keying (PSK). However, other schemes, such as complementary code keying (CCK), are used in some of the newer specifications. The newer modulation methods provide higher data speed and reduced vulnerability to interference.

IEEE 802 refers to a family of IEEE standards dealing with local area networks and metropolitan area networks.

More specifically, the IEEE 802 standards are restricted to networks carrying variable-size packets. (By contrast, in cell relay networks data is transmitted in short, uniformly sized units called cells. Isochronous networks, where data is transmitted as a steady stream of octets, or groups of octets, at regular time intervals, are also out of the scope of this standard.) The number 802 was simply the next free number IEEE could assign, though 802 is sometimes associated with the date the first meeting was held — February 1980.

The services and protocols specified in IEEE 802 map to the lower two layers (Data Link and Physical) of the seven-layer OSI networking reference model. In fact, IEEE 802 splits the OSI Data Link Layer into two sub-layers named Logical Link Control (LLC) and Media Access Control (MAC), so that the layers can be listed like this:

Data link layer

LLC Sublayer

MAC Sublayer

Physical layer

The IEEE 802 family of standards is maintained by the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee (LMSC). The most widely used standards are for the Ethernet family, Token Ring, Wireless LAN, Bridging and Virtual Bridged lans. An individual Working Group provides the focus for each area.

IEEE 802 Standard

The Data Link Layer and IEEE

When we talk about Local Area Network (LAN) technology the IEEE 802 standard may be heard. This standard defines networking connections for the interface card and the physical connections, describing how they are done. The 802 standards were published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). The 802.3 standard is called Ethernet, but the IEEE standards do not define the exact original true Ethernet standard that is common today. There is a great deal of confusion caused by this. There are several types of common Ethernet frames. Many network cards support more than one type.

The Ethernet standard data encapsulation method is defined by RFC 894. RFC 1042 defines the IP to link layer data encapsulation for networks using the IEEE 802 standards. The 802 standards define the two lowest levels of the seven layer network model and primarily deal with the control of access to the network media. The network media is the physical means of carrying the data such as network cable. The control of access to the media is called media access control (MAC).

The Ones with stars should be remembered in order for network certification testing.

802		Overview	Basics of physical and logical networking concepts.
802.1		Bridging	LAN/MAN bridging and management. Covers management and the lower sub-layers of OSI Layer 2, including MAC-based bridging (Media Access Control), virtual LANs and port-based access control.
802.2		Logical Link	Commonly referred to as the LLC or Logical Link Control specification. The LLC is the top sub-layer in the data-link layer, OSI Layer 2. Interfaces with the network Layer 3.
802.3		Ethernet	"Grandaddy" of the 802 specifications. Provides asynchronous networking using "carrier sense, multiple access with collision detect" (CSMA/CD) over coax, twisted-pair copper, and fiber media. Current speeds range from 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps. Click for a list of the "hot" 802.3 technologies.
802.4		Token Bus	Disbanded
802.5		Token Ring	The original token-passing standard for twisted-pair, shielded copper cables. Supports copper and fiber cabling from 4 Mbps to 100 Mbps. Often called "IBM Token-Ring."
802.6		Distributed queue dual bus (DQDB)	"Superseded **Revision of 802.1D-1990 edition (ISO/IEC 10038). 802.1D incorporates P802.1p and P802.12e. It also incorporates and supersedes published standards 802.1j and 802.6k. Superseded by 802.1D-2004." (See IEEE status page.)
802.7		Broadband LAN Practices	Withdrawn Standard. Withdrawn Date: Feb 07, 2003. No longer endorsed by the IEEE. (See IEEE status page.)
802.8		Fiber Optic Practices	Withdrawn PAR. Standards project no longer endorsed by the IEEE. (See IEEE status page.)
802.9		Integrated Services LAN	Withdrawn PAR. Standards project no longer endorsed by the IEEE. (See IEEE status page.)
802.10		Interoperable LAN security	Superseded **Contains: IEEE Std 802.10b-1992. (See IEEE status page.)
802.11		Wi-Fi	Wireless LAN Media Access Control and Physical Layer specification. 802.11a,b,g,etc. are amendments to the original 802.11 standard. Products that implement 802.11 standards must pass tests and are referred to as "Wi-Fi certified."
802.11a			Specifies a PHY that operates in the 5 GHz U-NII band in the US - initially 5.15-5.35 AND 5.725-5.85 - since expanded to additional frequencies Uses Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing Enhanced data speed to 54 Mbps Ratified after 802.11b
802.11b			Enhancement to 802.11 that added higher data rate modes to the DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) already defined in the original 802.11 standard Boosted data speed to 11 Mbps 22 MHz Bandwidth yields 3 non-overlaping channels in the frequency range of 2.400 GHz to 2.4835 GHz Beacons at 1 Mbps, falls back to 5.5, 2, or 1 Mbps from 11 Mbps max.
802.11d			Enhancement to 802.11a and 802.11b that allows for global roaming Particulars can be set at Media Access Control (MAC) layer
802.11e			Enhancement to 802.11 that includes quality of service (QoS) features Facilitates prioritization of data, voice, and video transmissions
802.11g			Extends the maximum data rate of WLAN devices that operate in the 2.4 GHz band, in a fashion that permits interoperation with 802.11b devices Uses OFDM Modulation (Orthogonal FDM) Operates at up to 54 megabits per second (Mbps), with fall-back speeds that include the "b" speeds
802.11h			Enhancement to 802.11a that resolves interference issues Dynamic frequency selection (DFS) Transmit power control (TPC)
802.11i			Enhancement to 802.11 that offers additional security for WLAN applications Defines more robust encryption, authentication, and key exchange, as well as options for key caching and pre-authentication
802.11j			Japanese regulatory extensions to 802.11a specification Frequency range 4.9 GHz to 5.0 GHz
802.11k			Radio resource measurements for networks using 802.11 family specifications
802.11m			Maintenance of 802.11 family specifications Corrections and amendments to existing documentation
802.11n			Higher-speed standards Several competing and non-compatible technologies; often called "pre-n" Top speeds claimed of 108, 240, and 350+ MHz Competing proposals come from the groups, EWC, TGn Sync, and WWiSE and are all variations based on MIMO (multiple input, multiple output)
802.11x			Mis-used "generic" term for 802.11 family specifications
802.12		Demand Priority	Increases Ethernet data rate to 100 Mbps by controlling media utilization.
802.13		Not used	Not used
802.14		Cable modems	Withdrawn PAR. Standards project no longer endorsed by the IEEE.
802.15		Wireless Personal Area Networks	Communications specification that was approved in early 2002 by the IEEE for wireless personal area networks (WPANs).
802.15.1		Bluetooth	Short range (10m) wireless technology for cordless mouse, keyboard, and hands-free headset at 2.4 GHz.
802.15.3a		UWB	Short range, high-bandwidth "ultra wideband" link
802.15.4		ZigBee	Short range wireless sensor networks
802.15.5		Mesh Network	Extension of network coverage without increasing the transmit power or the receiver sensitivity Enhanced reliability via route redundancy Easier network configuration - Better device battery life
802.16		Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks	This family of standards covers Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access methods used to create Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMANs.) Connects Base Stations to the Internet using OFDM in unlicensed (900 MHz, 2.4, 5.8 GHz) or licensed (700 MHz, 2.5 – 3.6 GHz) frequency bands. Products that implement 802.16 standards can undergo WiMAX certification testing.
802.17		Resilient Packet Ring	IEEE working group description
802.18		Radio Regulatory TAG	IEEE 802.18 standards committee
802.19		Coexistence	IEEE 802.19 Coexistence Technical Advisory Group
802.20		Mobile Broadband Wireless Access	IEEE 802.20 mission and project scope
802.21		Media Independent Handoff	IEEE 802.21 mission and project scope
802.22		Wireless Regional Area Network	IEEE 802.22 mission and project scope