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Python
Programming Notes and Practical Programs BCA 3rd Semester CSJM
University Kanpur
Comments in Python Programming
BY ANKIT
SHUKLA (DAMS GOVIND NAGAR KANPUR, UP, INDIA)
Although
comments do not change the outcome of a program, they still play an important
role in any programming and not just Python. Comments are the
way to improve the readability of a code, by explaining what we have done in
code in simple english.
Python
comments
Before
we go through an example of comments in Python. Lets first
understand the need of comments in Python or in any programming language.
A
comment is text that doesn’t affect the outcome of a code, it is just a piece
of text to let someone know what you have done in a program or what is
being done in a block of code. This is especially helpful when someone else has
written a code and you are analysing it for bug fixing or making a change in
logic, by reading a comment you can understand the purpose of code much
faster then by just going through the actual code.
Types of
Comments in Python
There
are two types of comments in Python.
1. Single line comment
2. Multiple line comment
Single
line comment
In python we use
# special character to start the comment. Lets take few examples to understand
the usage.
# This is just a comment. Anything
written here is ignored by Python
Multi-line
comment:
To
have a multi-line comment in Python, we use triple single quotes at the
beginning and at the end of the comment, as shown below.
'''
This is a
multi-line
comment
'''
Python Comments
Example
In
this Python program we are seeing three types of comments. Single line comment,
multi-line comment and the comment that is starting in the same line after the
code.
'''
We
are writing a simple program here
First
print statement.
This
is a multiple line comment.
'''
print("Hello Guys")
#
Second print statement
print("How are You
all?")
print("Welcome to
BeginnersBook") #
Third print statement
#
character inside quotes
When
# character is encountered inside quotes, it is not considered as comment. For
example:
Python
Programming Notes and Practical Programs BCA 3rd Semester CSJM
University Kanpur
Python is a very
simple yet very powerful object oriented programming language.
Introduction to Python Programming language
Python
is developed by Guido van Rossum. Guido van Rossum started
implementing Python in 1989. Python is a very simple programming language so
even if you are new to programming, you can learn python without facing any
issues.
Interesting
fact:
Python is named after the comedy television show Monty Python’s Flying Circus.
It is not named after the Python snake.
Features
of Python programming language
1. Readable: Python is a very readable language.
2. Easy
to Learn: Learning python is easy as this is a expressive and high
level programming language, which means it is easy to understand the language
and thus easy to learn.
3. Cross
platform: Python is available and can run on various operating systems
such as Mac, Windows, Linux, Unix etc. This makes it a cross platform and
portable language.
4. Open
Source: Python is a open source programming language.
5. Large
standard library: Python comes with a large standard library that has
some handy codes and functions which we can use while writing code in Python.
6. Free: Python
is free to download and use. This means you can download it for free and use it
in your application. See: Open Source Python License. Python is an example
of a FLOSS (Free/Libre Open Source Software), which means you can freely
distribute copies of this software, read its source code and modify it.
7. Supports
exception handling: If you are new, you may wonder what is an
exception? An exception is an event that can occur during program exception and
can disrupt the normal flow of program. Python supports exception handling
which means we can write less error prone code and can test various scenarios
that can cause an exception later on.
8. Advanced
features: Supports generators and list comprehensions. We will cover
these features later.
9. Automatic
memory management: Python supports automatic memory management which
means the memory is cleared and freed automatically. You do not have to bother
clearing the memory.
What Can
You Do with Python?
You
may be wondering what all are the applications of Python. There are so many
applications of Python, here are some of the them.
1. Web development – Web framework
like Django and Flask are based on Python. They help you write server side code
which helps you manage database, write backend programming logic, mapping urls
etc.
2. Machine learning – There are many
machine learning applications written in Python. Machine learning is a way to
write a logic so that a machine can learn and solve a particular problem on its
own. For example, products recommendation in websites like Amazon, Flipkart,
eBay etc. is a machine learning algorithm that recognizes user’s interest. Face
recognition and Voice recognition in your phone is another example of machine
learning.
3. Data Analysis – Data analysis and
data visualization in form of charts can also be developed using Python.
4. Scripting – Scripting is writing
small programs to automate simple tasks such as sending automated response
emails etc. Such type of applications can also be written in Python programming
language.
5. Game development – You can develop games
using Python.
6. You can develop Embedded
applications in Python.
7. Desktop applications – You can develop desktop
application in Python using library like TKinter or QT.
PyCharm Python IDE in Windows, Mac OS X, Linux/Unix
PyCharm (a popular IDE for Python programming)
If
you are new to programming then you may be wondering what do we mean by IDE?
IDE stands for integrated development environment.
It is a software that consolidates the basic tools that are required to write
and test programs in a certain language. Typically, an IDE contains a code
editor, a compiler or interpreter and a debugger that you can access at the
same place through IDE GUI.
How to
Install Python
BY ANKIT SHUKLA (DAMS GOVIND NAGAR KANPUR ,up ,INDIA)
You can install Python on any operating system such
as Windows, Mac OS X, Linux/Unix and others.
To
install the Python on your operating system, go to this link: https://www.python.org/downloads/.
You will see a screen like this.
This is the official Python website and
it will detect the operating system and based on that it would recommend you to
download Python. Here I am using WINDOWS so it gave me the download options for
Python 2 and Python 3 . I would recommend you to download the latest
version of Python 3 .
Installation steps are pretty simple. You just have
to accept the agreement and finish the installation.
Note:
for Mac OS
If you are using Mac OS X then you may notice that
Python is already installed in your system,
however it would most likely be a Python 2 so you can download the latest
Python 3 version from here and install it in your system.
Install PyCharm Python IDE in
Windows, Mac OS X, Linux/Unix
BY ANKIT SHUKLA (DAMS GOVINDNAGARKANPUR,UP, INDIA)
In the previous we have seen the Python introduction and installation.
In this page, we will learn how to install PyCharm (a popular IDE for Python
programming).
2. Install the downloaded file prefer to download community one . Mac: Double
click the .dmg file and drag PyCharm to the Application Folder. Windows: Double
click the .exe file and follow the installation steps for the default PyCharm
installation.
Launch PyCharm
Mac: Go to the Applications folder
and click on the PyCharm icon. Alternatively, you can drag the icon to your
dock to open the IDE quickly by clicking on the icon in dock.
Windows: If
you have followed the default installation process then you can see the PyCharm
icon on your desktop. If you don’t find the icon then go to the PyCharm folder
– C:\Program Files (x86)\JetBrains\PyCharm 2017.1\bin (the path may be
different for your system) and click on the PyCharm.exe file to launch the IDE
This type window you get after installing Pycharm click New
Project and run your programs.
1) What is the first step in the software development lifecycle?
System Design
Coding
System Testing
Preliminary Investigation and Analysis
Answer: d) Preliminary Investigation and Analysis
Explanation: The first phase of the software development life cycle is the requirement analysis, in which the software engineer analyzes the software requirement based on the user's outlook.
2) What does the study of an existing system refer to?
710
How to find Nth Highest Salary in SQL
Details of DFD
Feasibility Study
System Analysis
System Planning
Answer: c) System Analysis
Explanation: The study of an existing system refers to system analysis.
3) Which of the following is involved in the system planning and designing phase of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)?
Sizing
Parallel run
Specification freeze
All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: None.
4) What does RAD stand for?
Rapid Application Document
Rapid Application Development
Relative Application Development
None of the above
Answer: b) Rapid Application Development
Explanation: RAD stands for Rapid Application Development is categorized as an agile development method, which is meant to accomplish a quick turnaround and high-end outcomes.
5) Which of the following prototypes does not associated with Prototyping Model?
Domain Prototype
Vertical Prototype
Horizontal Prototype
Diagonal Prototype
Answer: d) Diagonal Prototype
Explanation: There is nothing as such called Diagonal Prototype; however, the rest other options do make sense.
6) The major drawback of RAD model is __________.
It requires highly skilled developers/designers.
It necessitates customer feedbacks.
It increases the component reusability.
Both (a) & (c)
Answer: d) Both (a) & (c)
Explanation: The client may create an unrealistic product vision, which may result in a team over or under-develop functionality. Besides, it is not easy to hire highly specialized & skilled developers/designers.
7) Which of the following does not relate to Evolutionary Process Model?
Incremental Model
Concurrent Development Model
WINWIN Spiral Model
All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: The evolutionary process model is designed for rapid software development, which starts from scratch with raw specifications and modifies as per the user requirement.
8) What is the major drawback of the Spiral Model?
Higher amount of risk analysis
Doesn't work well for smaller projects
Additional functionalities are added later on
Strong approval and documentation control
Answer: b) Doesn't work well for smaller projects
Explanation: A spiral model is an incremental approach, which is formed as a combination of the waterfall model and prototyping model. The major drawbacks of the Spiral model are as follows:
Expensive
Doesn't work well for smaller projects
Risk analysis requires highly skilled experts.
9) Model selection is based on __________.
Requirements
Development team & users
Project type & associated risk
All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: Model selection is based on requirements, a team of developers, users as well as the risk involved in developing a project.
10) Which of the following option i
The prototyping model facilitates the reusability of components.
RAD Model facilitates reusability of components
Both RAD & Prototyping Model facilitates reusability of components
None
Answer: c) Both RAD & Prototyping Model facilitates reusability of components
Explanation: None.
11) Which of the following models doesn't necessitate defining requirements at the earliest in the lifecycle?
RAD & Waterfall
Prototyping & Waterfall
Spiral & Prototyping
Spiral & RAD
Answer: c) Spiral & Prototyping
Explanation: In the Prototyping model, the first phase is the requirement analysis phase, which involves Brainstorming, QFD, and FAST, whereas the Spiral model encompasses customer communication activities such as defining objectives.
12) When the user participation isn't involved, which of the following models will not result in the desired output?
Prototyping & Waterfall
Prototyping & RAD
Prototyping & Spiral
RAD & Spiral
Answer: b) Prototyping & RAD
Explanation: The Prototyping model necessitates user participation as when a prototype is created or designed, whereas, in the case of RAD, user participation is required in all four phases.
13) Which of the following model will be preferred by a company that is planning to deploy an advanced version of the existing software in the market?
Spiral
Iterative Enhancement
RAD
Both (b) and (c)
Answer: d) Both (b) and (c)
Explanation: None.
14) Arrange the following activities for making a software product by utilizing 4GT.
I. Design strategy
II. Transformation into product
III. Implementation
IV. Requirement gathering
4, 1, 3, 2
4, 3, 2, 1
1, 2, 3, 4
1, 4, 2, 3 Answer: a) 4, 1, 3, 2
Explanation: The sequence of activities mentioned in option c represents the Fourth Generation Techniques(4GT) Model.
15) Which of the following is an example of Black Box and Functional Processing?
First Generation Language
Second Generation Language
Third Generation Language
Fourth Generation Language
Answer: d) Fourth Generation Language
Explanation: Functional processing or testing is commonly known as black-box testing, where the existing contents are almost unknown, so anything could be demonstrated as a black box. Hence the functionality of a black box can be defined in terms of inputs and outputs.
16) __________ is identified as fourth generation language.
Unix shell
C++
COBOL
FORTRAN
Answer: a) Unix shell
Explanation: Fourth-generation language is an advancement of third-generation programming language.
17) The productivity of a software engineer can be reduced by using a 4GT.
True
False
Answer: b) False
Explanation: The fourth-generation programming languages are more programmer-friendly and helpful in augmenting the program's efficiency as it uses English words and phrases. It increases the programmer's productivity by enabling them to engage in the software development life cycle.
18) Which of the following is the main advantage of deploying a 4GT model for producing small-scale products, programs, and applications?
The productivity of software engineers is improved.
The time required for developing software is reduced.
CASE tools and code generators help the 4GT model by providing a credible solution to their problems.
None of the above.
Answer: b) Time required for developing software is reduced.
Explanation: Since automated coding is done using CASE tools & code generators, proponents claim a dramatic reduction in software development time.
19) Which of the following model has a major downfall to a software development life cycle in terms of the coding phase?
4GT Model
Waterfall Model
RAD Model
Spiral Model
Answer: a) 4GT Model
Explanation: Much more expertise is needed in the 4GT model for analyzing, designing, and testing activities as it eliminates the coding phase.
20) Which of the following falls under the category of software products?
Firmware, CAD
Embedded, CAM
Customized, Generic
CAD, Embedded
Answer: c) Customized, Generic
Explanation: Customized and Generic are two kinds of software products.
21) Software maintenance costs are expensive in contrast to software development.
True
False
Answer: a) True
Explanation: For systems with long life, software maintenance cost is higher than that of the software development cost.
22) Which of the following activities of the generic process framework delivers a feedback report?
Deployment
Planning
Modeling
Construction
Answer: a) Deployment
Explanation: The deployment phase is the last phase of the software development life cycle in which the software product is delivered to its end-user, who further assesses its performance and revert back with the feedback if anything is required or missing as per the formulated evaluation.
23) Which of the following refers to internal software equality?
Scalability
Reusability
Reliability
Usability
Answer: b) Reusability
Explanation: None.
24) RUP is abbreviated as __________, invented by a division of __________.
Rational Unified Process, IBM
Rational Unified Program, IBM
Rational Unified Process, Infosys
Rational Unified Program, Infosys
Answer: a) Rational Unified Process, IBM
Explanation: None.
25) The RUP can be defined based on three main perspectives, i.e., static, dynamic & practice. What is the purpose of static perspective?
It recommends some good practices that be included while carrying out the process.
It displays all the enacted process activities.
It portrays the phases that the model has entered over a specific time.
All of the above.
Answer: b) It displays all the enacted process activities.
Explanation: None.
26) Which one of the following activities is not recommended for software processes in software engineering?
Software Evolution
Software Verification
Software Testing & Validation
Software designing
Answer: b) Software Verification
Explanation: Software verification is mainly considered for implementing and testing activities.
27) Arrange the following activities to form a general software engineering process model.
I. Manufacture
II. Maintain
III. Test
IV. Install
V. Design
VI. Specification
6, 5, 1, 3, 4, 2
1, 2, 4, 3, 6, 5
6, 1, 4, 2, 3, 5
1, 6, 5, 2, 3, 4
Answer: a) 6, 5, 1, 3, 4, 2
Explanation: None.
28) The agile software development model is built based on __________.
Linear Development
Incremental Development
Iterative Development
Both Incremental and Iterative Development
Answer: d) Both Incremental and Iterative Development
Explanation: In agile software development, the software is usually developed in increments with the customer specifying necessary requirements in each increment. Here the main aim of a developer is to meet customer satisfaction at the earliest by providing a valuable software product. It is known as iterative because it chooses to work on one particular increment and make the improvement in other iteration.
29) On what basis is plan-driven development different from that of the software development process?
Based on the iterations that occurred within the activities.
Based on the output, which is derived after negotiating in the software development process.
Based on the interleaved specification, design, testing, and implementation activities.
All of the above
Answer: a) Based on the iterations that occurred within the activities.
Explanation: In software engineering, a plan-driven approach is based on several development stages that result in the output at each of these stages, which are already planned in advance.
30) Which of the following activities is not applicable to agile software development?
Producing only the essential work products.
Utilizing the strategy of incremental product delivery.
Abolishing the project planning and testing.
All of the above
Answer: c) Abolishing the project planning and testing.
Explanation: Testing can never be avoided as it plays a significant role in the software development life cycle.
31) Which of the following framework activities are carried out in Adaptive Software Development (ASD)?
Assumption, Association, Learning
The investigation, Strategy, Coding
Requirements gathering, Adaptive cycle planning, Iterative development
All of the above
Answer: a) Assumption, Association, Learning
Explanation: An Adaptive Software Development approach is an empirical process control model, which is based on observations. It continuously adjusts the design of the solution and the process involved to create the solution based on observation throughout the project.
32) The __________ model helps in representing the system's dynamic behavior.
Object Model
Context Model
Behavioral Model
Data Model
Answer: c) Behavioral Model
Explanation: To represent the system's dynamic behavior, Behavioral models are used. The behavioral model is modeled from the perspective of the system's processed data or the events that stimulate responses from a system.
33) Model-driven engineering is nothing but a theoretical concept. It can never be transmuted into a working/executable code.
True
False
Answer: b) False
Explanation: Model-driven engineering is a software development approach that represents the system as a set model, which can be easily altered into an executable code.
34) The __________ and __________ are the two major dimensions encompassed in the Spiral model.
Diagonal, Perpendicular
Perpendicular, Radial
Angular, diagonal
Radial, Angular
Answer: d) Radial, Angular
Explanation: The cumulative cost is represented by the radial dimension, whereas the angular dimension represents the progress made in the completion of each consecutive cycle. Each loop in the spiral model depicts the phase.
35) Which of the following technique is involved in certifying the sustained development of legacy systems?
Reengineering
Forward engineering
Reverse engineering
Reverse engineering and Reengineering
Answer: d) Reverse engineering and Reengineering
Explanation: The process involved in certifying the sustained development of legacy systems relies on Reverse engineering and Reengineering.
36) An erroneous system state that results in an unexpected system behavior is acknowledged as?
System failure
Human error or mistake
System error
System fault
Answer: c) System error
Explanation: None.
37) What is the name of the approach that follows step-by-step instructions for solving a problem?
An Algorithm
A Plan
A List
Sequential Structure
Answer: a) An Algorithm
Explanation: An algorithm is a precise step-by-step technique that takes an input instance (of the given problem) as input(s) and produces output for the problem instance.
38) Which of the following word correctly summarized the importance of software design?
Quality
Complexity
Efficiency
Accuracy
Answer: a) Quality
Explanation: The quality of a functional software functional depicts how well it can conform with or adapts to a given design based on functional requirements or specifications.
39) Which of the following methodology results in SA/SD features?
Gane and Sarson methodology
DeMarco and Yourdon methodology
Constantine and Yourdon methodology
All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: None.
40) __________ is not considered as an activity of Structured Analysis (SA).
Transformation of a textual problem description into a graphic model
Functional decomposition
All the functions represented in the DFD are mapped to a module structure
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: c) All the functions represented in the DFD are mapped to a module structure
Explanation: The module structure depicts the architecture of the software.
41) What does a directed arc or line signify?
Data Flow
Data Process
Data Stores
None of the above
Answer: a) Data Flow
Explanation: In the business information system, the data flow diagram is used to epitomize the flow of the data.
42) What does a data store symbol in the Data Flow Diagram signify?
Logical File
Physical File
Data Structure
All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: A logical file can be a data structure or physical file on the disk or vice versa.
43) __________ is not a direct measure of SE process.
Effort
Cost
Efficiency
All of the above
Answer: c) Efficiency
Explanation: Efficiency can never be measured as it is an indirect measure of the SE process.
44) What is the main task of project indicators?
To evaluate the ongoing project's status and track possible risks.
To evaluate the ongoing project's status.
To track potential risks.
None of the above
Answer: a) To evaluate the ongoing project's status and track possible risks.
Explanation: None.
45) What is the main intent of project metrics?
For strategic purposes
To minimize the development schedule.
To evaluate the ongoing project's quality on a daily basis
To minimize the development schedule and evaluate the ongoing project's quality on a daily basis
Answer: d) To minimize the development schedule and evaluate the ongoing project's quality on a daily basis
Explanation: A project metric refers to a quantifiable measure of the degree to which a system, component, or process owns a certain trait.
46) Name the graphical practice that depicts the meaningful changes that occurred in metrics data.
Function point analysis
Control Chart
DRE (Defect Removal Efficiency)
None of the above
Answer: c) Control Chart
Explanation: A control chart is a method used to keep track of the variability of traits of interest.
47) Which parameters are essentially used while computing the software development cost?
Hardware and Software Costs
Effort Costs
Travel and Training Costs
All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: Estimation cost works out on assessing the amount of effort required to complete each activity, followed by calculating the total cost of activities.
48) Which of the following is an incorrect activity for the configuration management of a software system?
Change management
System management
Internship management
Version management
Answer: c) Internship management
Explanation: Configuration management policies and processes define how to record, and process proposed system changes, how to decide what system components to change, how to manage different versions of the system and its components, and how to distribute changes to customers.
49) The project planner examines the statement of scope and extracts all-important software functions, which is known as
Planning process
Decomposition
Association
All of the mentioned
Answer: b) Decomposition
Explanation: None.
50) Which of the following Is not considered as an option for achieving reliable cost and effort estimation?
The ability to translate the size estimate into human effort, calendar time, and dollars
Use relatively simple decomposition techniques to generate project cost and effort estimates.
Base estimates on similar projects that have already been completed
Use one or more empirical models for software cost and effort estimation
Answer: a) The ability to translate the size estimate into human effort, calendar time, and dollars
Explanation: None.
51) Which of the following does not complement the decomposition techniques but offers a potential estimation approach for their impersonal growth?
Empirical estimation models
Decomposition techniques
Automated estimation tools
Both empirical estimation models and automated estimation tools
Answer: a) Empirical estimation models
Explanation: In computer software, the estimation model uses empirically derived formulas for guessing the effort as a function of LOC or FP.
52) Which of the following is not included in the total effort cost?
Costs of lunch time food
Costs of support staff
Costs of networking and communications
Costs of air conditioning and lighting in the office space
Answer: a) Costs of lunch time food
Explanation: Employees incur it in the office.
53) What is developed by utilizing the historical cost function?
Parkinson's Law
Expert judgment
Algorithmic cost modeling
Estimation by analogy
Answer: c) Algorithmic cost modeling
Explanation: The algorithmic cost modeling utilizes the basic regression formula with such parameters that have been derived from the data of a historical project and current as well as characteristics of a future project.
54) Which of the following model has a misconception that systems are built by utilizing reusable components, scripts, and database programs?
The reuse model
An early designed model
An application-composition model
A post architecture model
Answer: c) An application-composition model
Explanation: An application-composition model evaluates the development of a prototype.
55) Which of the following is used to predict the effort as a function of LOC or FP?
COCOMO
FP-based estimation
Both COCOMO and FP-based estimation
Process-based estimation
Answer: c) Both COCOMO and FP-based estimation
Explanation: Both COCOMO and FP-based estimation is used to calculate the effort by utilizing the empirically derived formulas.
56) Once the requirements are stabilized, the basic architecture of the software can be established. Which of the following version of the COCOMO model conforms to the given statement?
Application composition model
Post-architecture-stage model
Early design stage model
All of the above
Answer: a) Application composition model
Explanation: None.
57) Which of the following threatens the quality and timeliness of the produced software?
Business risks
Potential risks
Technical risks
Known risks
Answer: c) Technical risks
Explanation: Technical risks detect the possible design, enactment, interface, authentication, and preservation problems.
58) Which of the following refers to the systematic attempt, which is implemented to ascertain the threats to any project plan?
Performance risk
Risk identification
Risk projection
Support risk
Answer: c) Risk projection
Explanation: Once the risks are identified, the project manager takes his first step to avoid them when required and control them.
59) Which of the following standards is used by the aviation industry?
CTRADO-172B
RTCADO-178B
RTRADO-178B
CTCADO-178B
Answer: b) RTCADO-178B
Explanation: RTCADO-178B is the most popular aviation standard, which has been altered to a defacto standard.
60) Third-Party Certification for software standards is based on __________.
